Spectrum of Engineering Sciences

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE ANDESITE’S AND GRANITES EXPOSED IN THE GHIZAR DISTRICT, GILGIT-BALTISTAN BY USING PETROGRAPHIC AND PHYSIO-MECHANICAL APPROACHES

2025-11-03T11:39:20+05:00

Present study focuses on the petrographic and physio-mechanical viability of the volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks (andesite and granites) exposed in the north-western district of Gilgit-Baltistan, for its usage as coarse aggregate in construction work. Geologically, the investigated area lies along the collisional zone between Eurasian Plate and Kohistan Island Arc, that is why rocks along this boundary are highly deformed and metamorphosed. Exposed rock types include basalts, andesite, granites, meta-igneous and meta-sedimentary. Bulk rock samples were collected from different quarries of andesites and granites for detail physio-mechanical investigations. Petrographic observation reveals that the investigated rock samples are comprised of quartz, biotite, hornblende, epidote, muscovite and plagioclase. Most of the quartz grains exhibited undulose extinction, representing deformation of the quartz grains as a result of active tectonic activities. Physio-mechanical properties of these rock samples were acquired as per national and international standards i.e., American Society for Testing Material (ASTM), American Association of state Highway (AASHTO) and National Highway Authority (NHA) Specifications. It has been noticed that the analytical data observed from sieve analysis, specific gravity, absorption, porosity, flakiness and elongation, Los Angeles abrasion, and soundness lies in the acceptable and specified limits. Petrographic investigation demarcates that the exceeded percentage of deformed/reactive silica (i.e., >10%) in most of the inspected samples claims that these samples are not feasible for coarse and fine aggregates in concrete work. Reactive silica accelerates reaction between silica and concrete, causes weak bonding between concrete and aggregate, ultimately result in failure of major structures.

APPLYING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCED CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY: A REVIEW

2025-11-03T15:54:00+05:00

The evolution of cloud computing has extremely changed the storage and management of data by offering vital accessibility and flexibility mechanisms. Nevertheless, this change has also brought a variety of security challenges including data breaches, unauthorized access, information leaks, and service disruptions. These threats are only a few of the risks companies face in the digital landscape. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore how blockchain can provide a solution to strengthen cloud security. This paper, particularly, examines the decentralized nature of blockchain to evaluate its effectiveness in ensuring data integrity and credibility. Furthermore, this study objects to fill gaps in existing literature on the connection of blockchain and cloud computing by utilizing a variety of research methods. The main goal is to prove that how blockchain is able to support cloud security improvements and address key queries in this area.

SECURITY ISSUES IN IOT-BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS: A REVIEW

2025-11-03T16:09:32+05:00

As these days inserted devices interfacing a wide range of physical items to the IoT, for example, self-adjust cameras, keen devices, clinical instruments , music and video player frameworks and other shrewd devices, where IoT associates various things for offering types of assistance among devices and individuals however security is still remaining parts a test, numerous security issues are looked by IoT based os incorporates programming weaknesses, authentication, malware and numerous other that the information accumulate with IoT is an excess of uproarious and unstructured structure in this way it needs more calculation power for examining and getting the more proficient outcomes from lightweight devices, for example, IoT based devices which requires a productive authentication system for IoT devices. This review paper examines the key security challenges in IoT-based OSs, analyzing over 25 research publications from 2019 to 2025. We focus on vulnerabilities in widely used OSs—TinyOS, Contiki-NG, RIOT, Zephyr, and FreeRTOS—highlighting their attack surfaces, common vulnerabilities, and existing mitigation strategies. A comparative analysis is presented, followed by recommendations and future research directions to improve IoT OS security

COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE WITH RECYCLED AGGREGATES, MARBLE DUST, AND BAMBOO FIBERS

2025-11-03T16:18:58+05:00

The effect of recycled coarse aggregates, marble dust and bamboo fiber on compressive and tensile strength of concrete is presented in this article. Recycled aggregates were developed from demolished waste, marble dust was produced from marble slug of marble cutting shops and bamboo fiber was developed from bamboo root. The concrete mixes were designed using 1:2:4 mix ratio and 0.5 water cement ratio. For checking the results of proposed concrete mixes, a batch was developed only with conventional and recycled aggregates. First the dosage of marble dust was optimized using marble dust from 2.5% to 15% (2.5% increment). Thereafter, the optimized dosage of the marble dust was kept constant and dosage of bamboo fibers was varied from 1% - 1.5% (0.1% increment). In all proposed mixes 50% recycled aggregates were used. In each batch six cylinders of standard size were prepared for compressive and tensile strength testing. Curing of all specimens was done for 28-days. Load recorded from compression testing was recorded and converted in compressive strength of concrete containing marble dust. The results revealed 12.5% dosage as optimum with 41% and 50% increase in compressive and tensile strength respectively. The second group of specimens containing optimized dosage of marble dust and varying percentage of bamboo fibers were tested for compressive strength in similar fashion. The results showed 1.2% of bamboo fibers as optimum with 51% higher values than control concrete and 7% higher than recycled aggregate concrete containing optimized dosage of marble dust only. Analogous to compressive strength, split tensile strength of all specimens in both groups was tested. The highest results of the parameter were observed at same optimized dosage of marble dust and bamboo fibers. This shows that the combined effect of three additives on strength properties of concrete is positive. Hence can be used in structural concrete with due care of water cement ratio.

DEVOPS-DRIVEN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: AUTOMATING DEPLOYMENT AND SCALABILITY THROUGH CLOUD-BASED IT FRAMEWORKS

2025-11-03T16:28:57+05:00

The research attempts to explore how DevOps-led software engineering and cloud-based IT frameworks in the region’s fast-rising software sector can increase deployment efficiency and system scalability. Utilizing a quantitative research outline and a SmartPLS-based structural equation modeling platform, the study gathers information from 384 IT professionals working in various top software firms. The results indicate that DevOps adoption, automation practices and cloud integration significantly increase deployment efficiency and scalability and finally by team collaboration efficiency acting as a pivotal mediator. Cloud integration also moderates the relationship between DevOps adoption and deployment goals, thus strengthening the overall performance effect. These results contribute to the field and clarify how DevOps standards with automation and culture blend to form a scalable, efficient, and adaptable software engineering sector suitable for rapidly expanding IT sectors such as Pakistan

INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH FERMENTATION OF ORGANIC WASTE

2025-11-04T11:54:01+05:00

The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns highlight the significance of sustainable energy solutions. This research addresses novel ways for energy production through the fermentation of organic waste, demonstrating significant promise for renewable energy generation. The study of the basics of fermentation, technical innovations, and the function of microbial communities in improving energy recovery from organic waste flows. Present waste-to-energy (WtE) processes recover under 20% of the potential energy, prompting an evaluation of several approaches, such as direct combustion, transesterification, and pyrolysis. This paper comprehensively addresses innovative fermentation processes, optimization techniques, and the environmental and financial impacts of this methodology. The results of our study demonstrate that the fermentation of organic waste presents a viable alternative to fossil fuels while simultaneously preventing waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Improving environmental conditions and microbial populations can increase energy production by as much as 40%. By 2050, global municipal solid waste is projected to attain 3.8 billion tons, highlighting the economic and environmental challenges for sustainable waste-to-energy solutions. The study emphasizes the necessity of continuous research and policy assistance to advance these technologies, foster a circular economy, and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Integrating organic waste fermentation within communities might facilitate localized energy generation, enhance resilience, and generate economic prospects, developing a more sustainable future.

INTELLISITE AI: A UNIFIED AI-AUGMENTED WEB DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT WITH REAL-TIME CODE PREVIEW AND DESIGN AUTOMATION

2025-11-04T12:15:29+05:00

Web development and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are rapidly evolving fields poised to transform web interactions. Web development involves website and web application creation and maintenance, while AI focuses on intelligent systems capable of learning and adaptation. Although these areas have gained momentum, the front-end web development integration remains fragmented and disjointed. Developers use diverse applications and libraries, which is time-consuming and error-prone, including browser tabs for web-based documentations, Figma, code editors, Adobe XD, Visual Studio Code, and preview windows. This juggling results in inefficiencies and a higher error rate, coupled with context switching. There is a need for an application that reflects live viewing of changes to the code and designs to minimize the browser tabs required. To resolve these issues, this research suggests the development of an Intelligent Web Designer to provide a unified platform that enables rapid and smooth design-to-code workflows by way of natural language interaction. We integrate a natural language chatbot, a live code editor, with a drag‑and‑drop graphical user interface for visual layout, all within a single web application. Pages are visually designed by developers as they issue commands, observing code changes immediately reflecting the live preview, thus eliminating recompilation delays and reducing open tools. The design workflow process is streamlined, and errors are minimized by way of this tight coupling of design, code, and content generation. The performance of IntelliSite AI is also assessed to provide the best usability, accuracy, responsiveness, and user experience. On the whole, the suggested solution provides an approach that is effective and novel for streamlining the design workflow process with AI-augmented front‑end development and effective evaluation.